11-&mpk rwkdifrDu tm&fumef(&ckdif)orkdif;tusOf;
tykdif;(1)
tapmykdif;[dE´LvlrsKd;(okdYr[kwf)”n0wDrif;quf
]]&ckdifjynfonf tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh qufpyfaeaomaMumifh 4if;\acwfa[mif;,Ofaus;rIESifh
NrdKUjypDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ukd c&pfray:rD&mpkESpfrsm;rwkdifrDuyif &½SdcJhNyD;? [dE´L,Ofaus;rI? bmomESifh
NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfrIpepfrsm; vTrf;rkd;cJhonf/}} (R.C rm*sKrf’g;&f)
tapmydkif; tm&fumef(&ckdif)orkdif;onf tvGef ½IyfaxG;vSonf/ &ckdiforkdif;okawoDrsm;onf
tapmykdif; tm&fumef(&ckdif)orkdif;ESifh ywfoufí,kwÅdrwef? t”dyÜg,frJhaom ‘@m&DyHkjyifrsm;jzifh zJGYEJGY
a&;om;xm;NyD;? trsm;vufrcHEkdifaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh vSywefqmqif a&;om;xm;
onfukdawGY&onf/ tcsKdUtcsuftvufrsm;onf xHk;xrf;pOfvmESifh ywfoufí a&;om;xm;&m 4if;wkdY
vlrsKd;ESifh ukd;uG,fonfhbmom ,HkMunfrIay:rSm pGJrufp&mESifh pdwf0ifpm;p&m jzpfatmif a&;om;xm;NyD;?
ppfrSefíurÇmu vufcHEkdifaomorkdif; jzpf&yfrSef tcsuftvufrsm;ukd vQKdY0Sufxdefcsefxm;um rdrdwdkU\
bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh “avhp½dkufrsm;ukdomvQif *kPf,lbG,f&mtaMumif;tjzpf bkef;usufoa& NzdK;a0
atmif a&;om;xm;onfukdawGU&onf/ vQKdY0Sufxdef csefpdwful;OmPf &mZ0iftjzpftysufrsm;jzifh zGJU
pnf;xm;aom &ckdiforkdif;okawoDwkdU\ orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;aMumifh tm&fumef(&ckdif) orkdif;tppftrSef
ukd od½Sd&eftvGefUtvGef cJ,Of;vSayonf/
&ckdifhpdwful;,Ofqefaom &mZ0ifrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)bk&ifrsm; acwftqufquf\ &ckdif
rif;jzpfyGm;yHkrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfyHkrsm;ukd c&pfray:rD ‘BC 2666’ tcsdef umvrsm;uwnf;uyif &ckdifrif;?
&ckdif&mZ0ifrsm; ½dScJhoa,mif csJUum;NyD; r[kwfonfrsm;ukdt[kwfvkyfum tpcsDa&;om;xm;onfukd
awGY&onf/ þouú&mZfukd axmuf½I&vQif ,ck&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;\ tqkdt& olwkdYonf tm&D,efvlrsKd;
EG,fpkrS qif;oufvmav[ef axmufjy&nfñTef;aeaomfjim;vnf;? ‘BC 2666’ umvwpf0kdufü tm&D
,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf tm½Stv,fykdif;a’orsm;rS tdE´d,EkdifiHodkUyif 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;r½dSonfukd orkdif;
okawoDrsm;\ taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od½dS&ygonf/
&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf ajrMoZmaumif;rGefaom tm½Stv,fykdif;a’orsm;½dS tm&D,efvlrsKd;pkEG,f
rsm;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,ckacwf&ckdifokawoDrsm;u tckdiftrmajymqkdaeonfukd awGU½dS&ygonf/
tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif&ma’orsm;okdU tjcm;tiftm;aumif;aoma’orsm;rS vlrsKd;pkEG,frsm; csif;eif;
0ifa&mufvmrIaMumifh tm&D,efvlrsKd;pkEG,frsm;onf rsKd;EG,fpkESpfjzmcJGxGufNyD;? wpfpkonf tD&efEkdifiHokdY
vnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfpkonf [dE´LuGwf(½Sf)awmifwef;a’oukdjzwfausmfí tzæ*gefEkdifiHokdYvnf;
aumif;? 4if;rSwpfqifh yef*syfEdkifiHokdYvnf;aumif; 0ifa&muftajccsaexkdifcJhMuonf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;
rsm;onf a½TYajymif;aexkdif&ma’oukd csif;eif;0ifa&mufodrf;ykduf vmjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ? tajccsaexkdif&ef
0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;omjzpfonf/ xkdokdU tNrJxm0&tajccsaexkdifí vkyfukdifpm;aomufEkdif&eftwGuf
a½TYav&ma’ookdY ZeD;om;r,m;rsm;ESifh uRJEGm;wd&pämefrsm;ukdyg twlwuG ac:aqmifa½TYajymif;vmcJh
onf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf OD;a&wkd;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ yef*syfa’owGif tcsdefMumjrifhpGmaexkdif
jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ? yef*syfa’oESifh ta½SUwnfhwnfh½Sd *efY*gESifh *srlemjrpf0Srf;Mum; ajrMoZmaumif;rGefonfh
ae&ma’orsm;okdY a½TUajymif;aexkdifcJhavonf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;wkdUonf xkda’owGif tzufzufü zGHUNzdK;
wkd;wufvm&m e*kd½SdESifhNyD;jzpfaom ,Ofaus;rIzHGUjzdK;wdk;wufonfh rl&if;a’ocHvlrsKd;rsm;\ wkdufckdufrIukd
cHcJh&onf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf zHGYNzdK;wdk;wufonfh vlrsKd;jzpfonfESifhtnD rl&if;
a’ocHvlrsKd;rsm;ukd atmifjrifpGmwefjyef wkdufckdufEkdifcJhonf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf xdkqefUusif&efrl
onfh a’ocHvlrsKd;rsm;tay: twkdif;twmwpfckxd rkef;wD;aomfvnf; vlrsKd;jyKef;wD;oGm;onftxd
raqmif½GufcJhay/ ouú&mZftm;jzifh tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;\ csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmrIonf twdtus ajymjy
&efcJ,Of;aomfvnf; orkdif;okawoDrsm;url c&pfray:rD ‘BC 2000’ ESifh ‘BC 1500’ Mum;jzpfrnf[k
cefUrSef; Muonf/
tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oonf yx0Dtaetxm;t& jrefrmEkdifiH\ taemufzufurf;½dk;wef;a’o
jzpfNyD;? b*Fvm;EdkifiH\ta½SUawmifbufESifh qufpyfvQuf½Sdonf/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf\urf;½dk;wef;
rkdifaygif;(350) ½SdNyD;? &ckdif½dk;rawmifwef;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHESifh wm;qD;ykdif;jzwfxm;onf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)
a’oudk csif;awmifwef;rsm;u uefUvefYumjzwfxm;NyD;? jrpfacsmif;tif;tkdif aygrsm;aom a’ojzpfonf/
xif½Sm;aom jrpfBuD;av;jrpfrSm ewfjrpf? r,ljrpf? ukvm;wefjrpfESifh av;jrdKYjrpfwdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
\taemufzuf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oonf orkdif;acwftqufqufu [dE´Lrsm;? Ak’¨bmom0ifrsm;ESifh
rGwfpvifrsm;? aemufqkHk;wGif Ak’¨bmom0ifwkdY\ vufatmufwGif tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifaom EkdifiHa’o
wpfcktjzpf tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonf/
a½S;,cifutm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oukd ]&u©yl&}[k ac:onf/ t”dyÜg,frSm ewfqkd;raumif;qkd;0g;?
vlom;pm;vlESifh awmwGif;aeusufpm;olrsm; eef;pH&ma’o[lí jzpfonf/ tm&AfvlrsKd;rsm;url ]&[fr}
[kac:onf/ okdUaomf ]tDAifAwl;w} url 4if;ukd ]tmvf&Jaumif(ef)} [ktrnf ac:wGifcJhonf/ xkdtcsdef
rSpí &ckdifa’o\ rl&if;tac:rSm ysufjym;cJh&NyD; rGwfpvifuAsmq&mtausmftarmfrsm;url ]½dk0ef;} [k
vnf;aumif;? ]½dk½Sef;} [kvnf;aumif;? ]½kcf[ef;rf;} [kvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;ac:wGifcJhavonf/ xkdpOf
utdEd´,EkdifiHwGif yifv,fqdyfurf;NrdKYrsm;pGm½dSaeNyD;? yifv,ful;oabFmom;ESifhoabFmrsm;onf tdE´d,
EkdifiHrS urÇmhta½SYzsm;ESifh ta½SYawmiftm½Sa’orsm;okdY ul;oef;vmcJh&m? tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’oESifh jrefrm
EkdifiHokdYxd c&D;aygufcJhonf/ tdE´d,EkdifiH½Sd ]omr&mvdwÅd} qdyfurf;rSm yifv,ful;oabFmrsm;onf
yHkrSeftm;jzifh b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajcwavQmufESifh &ckdifurf;½dk;wef;? jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYa’orsm;tjyif?
rav;uRef;qG,fESifh tjcm;urÇmYta½SYzsm;a’orsm;okdYtxdyg ul;oef;oGm;vmcJhonf/ tdE´dvlrsKd;rsm;onf
yifv,ful;oabFmjzifh c&D;aygufcJhonfhtjyif ukef;vrf;c&D;jzifhvnf; tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oESifh jrefrm
EkdifiHwkdYokdY ta½SYb*Fvm;? rPdyl&ESifh tmoHa’orSwpfqifh ul;vl;qufoG,frI½SdcJh&mrS [dE´LvlrsKd;wkdY\
ukdvkdeDe,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfrIpepfonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY wpfp wpfpcsif;eif;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/
tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oonf tdE´d,ESifh tvGefeD;uyfpGm wnf½SdaeaomaMumifh ukef;ESifha&wkdYjzifh
qufoG,f&ef tvGefvG,fulonf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oonf tyltat;rQwNyD; orykdif;usaom &moD
Owk½dSa’ojzpfaomaMumifh vlaexkdif&ef tvGefoifhawmfonf/ wpfESpfywfvHk;rkd;a&csdefrSm tvGefrQwNyD;?
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfukdifpm;aomufEkdif&eftwGuf ajrMoZmaumif;rGefaoma’ojzpfNyD;? jrpfacsmif;
tif;tkdifrsm;vnf; tvGefaygrsm;onf/ vlOD;a&yrmPESifh tcsKd;usatmif &du©mxkwfvkyfEkdifaoma’o
jzpfonf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oonf vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vG,fulaumif;rGefrI? &moDOwkrQwrI? v,f
,mpkdufysKd;xGef,ufvkyfukdifpm;aomufEkdif&ef ajrqDMoZmaumif;rGefaoma’ojzpfrI? ukeful;oef;Ekdif&ef
tcsuftcsmusrIESifh trsKd;rsKd;aom xkwfvkyfukefypönf;rsm;wkdYaMumifh xkdpOfu ,Ofaus;rIESifh enf;ynm
ykdif;qdkif&mrSm wkd;wufxGef;um;aeaom taemufzsm;a’orsm;rS [dE´L? yg½Sef(,cktD&ef)ESifh tm&Afukef
onfrsm;tjyif? omoemûyyk*¾dKvfrsm;? ukdvkdeDe,fcsJYrsm;? ppf0g’Drsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’ookdY
xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdifa&;twGuf taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh AD-1 &mpkrwdkifcifESifh
4if;umvtwGif; tdE´d,vlrsKd;wkdUonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)urf;ajrmifa’oESifh ukef;wGif;ydkif;twGif;üyg
tajccsaexkdifrIrsm; ½dScJhonfrSmtvGefodomxif½Sm;vSayonf/
a½S;a[mif;tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’owGif aexkdifolrsm;onf ]eD*&Dwkpf}vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfNyD;? ]&u©½Sm;pf}
(bDvl;) okdYr[kwf vlom;pm; okdUr[kwf awmwGif;aevl½kdif;pkdif;rsm;tjzpf xif½Sm;onf/ aemufykdif;wGif
rl obm0ab;tEÅ&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh tcsif;csif;ykefuefwkdufcdkufrIrsm;aMumifh csif;? r½dk? crGD;? acsmif;om?
qef’kdUpf? vif;(cf)ESifh tmEkdUpftygt0if awmwGif;ae awm½dkif;vlom;rsm;vnf; tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynf
ajrmufzufa’orSwpfqifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’otwGif;okdU tajccsaexkdifvmcJhonfukd orkdif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;t&od½dS&onf/ xkdvlrsKd;rsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’owGif; ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif jyefYusJpGm
aexkdifcJhMuonf/ 4if;wkdUonf opfyifawmawmifponfht&m0wÅKrsm;ukd ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfNyD;? pmr
wwf ½dkif;pkdif;olrsm;jzpfum tkyfcsKyfrIynmESifh pmay,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;olrsm;r[kwfay/ tdE´d,vlrsKd;
rsm;url pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? “avhxHk;pH? tkyfcsKyfrIenf;ynmrsm;ukd 4if;wkdYESifhtwlwuG o,faqmifvm
cJhNyD;? [dE´Lbmom? jA[frefbmomESifh Ak’¨bmomt,ltqrsm;ukd xGef;um;atmifûyvkyfcJholrsm; jzpf
Muonf/ jA[freft,ltqrsm;ukd [dE´Le,fcsJYukdvkdeDwkdYu tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’ookdY ,laqmifvmNyD;?
4if;t,l0g’ay:tajccHonfh tkyfcsKyfrIynmESifh xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;ukd yHkaz:oGwfoGif;tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/
tcsdefumv MumjrifhvmonfESifhtrQ þxHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o wpfckvHk;
twGuf ,Ofaus;rIwpfcktjzpfwGifus,fvmcJhonf/ [dE´LukdvkdeDe,fcsJYrsm;onf [dE´LukdvkdeDbk&ifhEkdifiH
xlaxmifNyD;? a’ocHvlrsKd;rsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/ vlOD;a&yrmPtm;jzifh a’ocHrsm;onf tvGef
enf;yg;NyD; ukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfolvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaom [dE´LvlrsKd; rsm;jym;onf/ [dE´Le,fcsJUwkdYonf **Fgjrpf
0Srf;wpfavQmufrS 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;jzpfNyD;? tm&fuef(&ckdif) a’ocHjynfolrsm;tay: 4if;wkdU\ xHk;
xrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rkd;atmif tpOfwpkdufBudK;pm;cJholrsm;jzpfonf/ ,aeYxufwkdif
odomxif½Sm;aomtcsufwpfckrSm a’oaejynfolrsm;onf a½S;ya0oPDu tkyfcsKyfcJhaom [dE´Lrif;
acwftqufquf\ xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufvsuf½dSaeonfrSm
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSayonf/
&ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;\tqkdt& tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’o\ yxrqHk;[dE´Lbk&ifonf ]bDem&DpD}
bk&if\om;jzpfNyD; tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif EkdifiHa&;½IyfaxG;rIaMumifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynfodkY jynfESif’PfcH&um
&r®m0wDukd NrdKYawmftjzpfwnfaqmufí tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o\bk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ ‘kwd,rif;qufukd
xlaxmifolrSm ]jA[®m}vlrsKd;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf yxrrif;qufrsKd;EG,fxJu trsKd;orD;wpfOD;ESifh
tdrfaxmifusNyD; xkdtdrfaxmifpkrS qif;oufvmaom trsKd;orD;onf tdrfa½SYrif;om; ]umydvAwfpk}
\om;]rm&,k}ESifh tdrfaxmifusavonf/ ]umydvAwfpk}onf tdE´d,EkdifiHrS jynfESif’PfcH&NyD;? tm&fuef
(&ckdif)a’ookdYa&muf½dSvmum ]”n0wD}NrdKYukd wnfaxmifNyD; tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oukd tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/
EkdifiHa&;rwnfrjidrfrIaMumifh ]rm&,k}rif;quf\ aemufqHk;bk&ifronf olUorD;ESpfOD;ESifhtwl awmckdcJh
&onf/ ]tbd&mZm}\om;]uH&mZmBuD;} jzpfaomtxufArmjynf waumif;olBuD;onf ol\xD;eef;ukd
olYnD ]uH&mZmi,f} okdYvTJtyfum tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’ookdUa&muf½Sdvmonf/ xkdYaemuf BC- 82519 wGif
olonf ]rm&,k} rif;qufaemufqHk;bk&if\orD;awmfESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD; pwkw¬ajrmufrif;qufukd
ausmufyef;awmif; (yvuf0teD;) üxlaxmifcJhavonf/ 4if;aemuf ‘kwd,ajrmuf “n0wDNrdKYwGif rif;
qufcHNyD; ]uH&mZmBuD;}\ rif;quftquf28-yg;? &mpkESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ]”n0wD} rif;qufu
tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;\tqkdt& ]uH&mZmBuD;}rif;qufukd qufcHolrSm ]ql&d,}rif;quf
jzpfonf/ ]ql&d,}rif;quf\ yxrbk&ifjzpfaom ]csefj’mql&d,} (AD146-199)onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)
orkdif;ü tvGefxif½Sm;onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf xdkrif;qufonf tm&fuef(&ckdif)orkdif; ay:ayguf
vma&;\t”dutaMumif;t&m jzpfaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ ]csefj’mql&d,}rif;onf wwd,”n0wDukd
xlaxmifNyD; ]ql&d,}rif;quf 28-yg;u “n0wDukd tkyfcsKyfum AD 788 wGif ]”n0wD}\ tcsKyf
tjcmtmPmukd ]aAGomvD}rif;qufokdU vTJtyfcJh&avonf/ orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ]csefj’m
ql&d,}rif;onf ]r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;} ukdoGef;avmif;NyD;? ]r[mrkedbk&m;ausmif;awmf} ukdwnfaqmuf
cJhaMumif;od&onf/ r[mrkedbk&m;tm; tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynfukd umuG,fapmifha½Smuf&mtjzpf owfrSwf
cJhMuonf/ 4if;ukd]pD&d*kwÅ} awmifukef;ay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;NyD;? “n0wD\ajrmufzufü wnf½dSonf/
]pD&d*kwÅ}qkdaompum;onf ]qef;pfu&pf} ]oHomu&pf} emrnfwpfckyifjzpfonf/ þa’oonf
]aAGomvD}ESifh ]ajrmufOD;} wkdYxufa½S;usonf/ ]pD&d*kwÅ}awmifukef;onf tvGeftxG#ftjrwfxm;&m
jzpfNyD;? tdE´d,vlrsKd;rsm; a½TUajymif;vmpOfuyif xif½Sm;pGm wnf½dScJhaoma’ojzpfonf/ 4if;wGif [dE´L
ewfuGef;ajrmufjrm;pGmwnf½dSNyD;?21 4if;ewfuGef;rsm;\ yHko@meftaetxm;rsm;onf AD 957 &mpk
rwkdifrDuyif wnf½dScJhaomewfuGef;rsm;jzpfaMumif; ay:vGifxif½Sm;onf/ ]]þae&mütxl;az:jyvkd
onfrSm ,ck&ckdifa’oonf wpfcsdefu tdE´d,vlrsKd;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaoma’ojzpfpOfu xkda’owGifaexkdif
olrsm;onf ,ckb*Fvm;wGif aexdkifaomvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh vHk;0 cyfqifqifwlnDaejcif;jzpfonf/22 4if;wkdY
onf ]b*FgvD[dE´L} rsm;omjzpfonf/
b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’ookdY vG,fvifhwul 0ifa&mufEkdifcJhonf/ ,ck&ckdif
a’oonf yx0Dtaetxm;t& tdE´d,? *efY*gukef;jyifjrifhESifh wqufwnf; wnf½dSaom taetxm;
½dSívnf;aumif;? tdE´d,EkdifiHrS&cdkifa’ookdY jzwfoef;vm&mwGif ajredrfhykdif;a’o? awmifwef;wpfcsKdYESifh
jrpfacsmif;uav;rsm;om wnf½dSaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; b*Fvm;[dE´Lrsm;onf &ckdifa’ookdY vG,fvifh
wul 0ifa&muftajccs aexkdifEkdif&ef xif½Sm;aomtaMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfavonf/23 r[mrkedbk&m; ywf
0ef;usifwGif ]pD&d*kwÅ}awmifukef; rsufESmjyifukd 0ef;&Hxm;aom tkwfeH&HoHk;ck? ]csefj’mql&d,} a&avSmif
uef? ewf½kyfvHk;<uyHktcsKdY? ewfuGef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;yef;csDyef;yktcsKd;tyJhrsm;uvJGí xl;xl;axGaxG ,Of
aus;rIvuf&mrsm; rusef&pfcJhacs/
tykdif;(2)
aAGomvDrif;quf
]]tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynfajrmufykdif;a’o [kac:wGifaoma’oonf at’D 8 &mpkrwkdifrD ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGmuwnf;u [dE´Lrif;qufwkdY\ pkd;pH&ma’owpfckjzpfcJhonf/ AD 788 wGif ]csefj’mrif;quf}
topfukd ]aAGomvD} NrdKYü pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/}} (arm&pfaumvdcf)
AD 788 wGif]ql&d,uDwk} (AD 746-788) \om; ]r[mxkdif*D[E´&m} (AD 788-810) onf
“n0wDudk pGefUcGgcJhavonf/ ]r[mxdkif*D[E´&m}rif;onf 4if;\taz rif;pkd;pHcJhaom “n0wDNrdKUü y#d
yu©jzpfyGm;cJhNyD;? 4if;a’oukd pGefYcGgí ]aAGomvD}NrdKUukdwnfaxmifcJhonf/ 4if;aAGomvDNrdKYonf xkdpOfu
tdE´d,rif;wdkY\ ]bD[m&f}jynfe,f½dS NrdKYMuD;rsm;aemufwGif ay:aygufcJhaom ta½SUbufa’o\ NrdKUMuD;
wpfNrdKUjzpfonf/ xkdpOfu rsm;jym;vSaom tdE´d,rif;rsm;pkd;pH&m NrdKUawmfrsm;\ emrnfrsm;tm;vHk;vkdvkd
rSm[dE´Lemrnfrsm;jzifh rSnfhac:aomemrnfrsm;jzpfonf/ ]&r®m0wD} NrdKUa[mif;ysuf\ywfywfvnfrSm
vnf; NrdKYawmftopfwpfckwnfaqmufcJhonf/ ]aAGomvD}rif;qufonf ]csefj’m}rif;quftjzpf emrnf
ausmfMum;onf/ xkdrif;quf\ rif;quftm;vHk;vkdvkdonf]r[m,me}Ak’¨bmomukd axmufcHtm;ay;
olrsm;jzpfonf/ AD 6 &mpkuwnf;u ]aAGomvD}rif;qufwkdYonf [dE´Lbmomukd ukd;uG,fvifhupm;
Ak’¨bmom ]r[m,me} t,l0g’ukd þa’oü omoemzHGUNzdK;atmif tpOfojzifh tm;ay;axmufcHcsD;
jrSifholrsm;jzpfonf/ ]csefj’m}rif;qufrsm;onf ajrmufzufppfwaumif;NrdKYtxd tcsKyftcsmtmPmykdif
a’otjzpf pkd;pHcJhonf/ ]aAGomvD} rif;qufrsm;\tmPmonf ta½SUb*Fvm;e,fjzpfaom ]Aduf&mrfyl&f}
a’otxd qufpyfwnf½dScJhNyD;? 4if;a’oüwnf½dScJhaom ]csefj’m}rif;qufwkdU\ MoZmtm
PmBuD;xGm;vmrIonf b*Fvm;e,frS tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’ookdY [dE´LukdvkdeDe,fcsJYrsm; a&muf½dSvmjcif;\
taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfayonf/
]aAGomvD}NrdKYonf pD;yGg;ukeful;&m NrdKYawmftjzpf xif½Sm;onf/ EkdifiHwum ul;vl;qufqHa&mif;
0,fazmufum;rIrsm;aMumifh a’ocHvlrsm; <u,f0csrf;omvmcJhonf/ EdkifiHwumrS0ifxGuf a&mif;0,f
azmufum;olrsm;onf txl;ojzifh tm&AfESifh yg½Sefukefonfrsm; jzpfonf/ ]aAGomvD} NrdKYtm; ywfywf
vnf tkwfeH&Hjzifh 0ef;&HydwfqkdY wnfaqmufxm;NyD;? NrdKY0if;xJwGif ukef;jrifhrsm;? awmifukef;rsm;
wnf½dS&m 4if;wkdYonf &efolU&efukd umuG,f&efvnf;aumif;? &efolukd wkdufckduf&mwGifvnf;aumif;
&nf½G,fcsuftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ukef;jrifhawmifukef;rsm;wGif AD 8 &mpkrwkdif
rDu tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;wGif½dScJhaom ]em*&D} tu©&mjzifh uAsnf;pmwef;xkd;cJhaom yef;yktwwfynm
ESifhqdkifaom pmwef;rsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? yef;uEkwfrsm;? NrdKYjyqdkif&mpmwef;rsm;? pmayrsm;ukd ,aeYwkdif
xif½Sm;pGm awGYjrifEkdifonf/ a½S;a[mif;tEkynmvuf&m t<uif;tusefrsm;onf a½S;a[mif;[dE´L
vuf&mrsm;omjzpfNyD;? ½kyfxk? ½kyfyHkrsm;onf [dE´LewfuGef;rsm; jzpfonf/ ]aAGomvD} NrdKUjyae&mrsm;wGif
[dE´LwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&m EGm;okd;rsm;½kyfyHkrsm; xGif;xm;onfukd awGY½dS&onf/ NrdKYawmfwpf0kduf½dS usKH;ysuf?
usKH;a[mif;rsm;ESifh NrdKYywfvnftkwfwHwkdif;a[mif;rsm;ukd ,aeYxufwkdif xif½Sm;pGmawGYEkdifonf/ yef;csD
yef;yk½kyfxkrsm;? wkdufysufwkdufa[mif;rsm;ukd NrdKYywfvnf awmawmifrsm;wGif xif½Sm;pGmawGYEkdifNyD;?
þvu©Pmrsm;onf ]*kyÜw}wkdY\ a½S;a[mif; ]aAGom vD}rif;quf wefckd;tmPm BuD;xGm;rIukd jyojcif;
jzpfonf/ AD 7 &mpkwGif ouúwÅbmomjzifh uAsnf;pmwef;a&;xkd;cJhonfh aMu;ESifhxkvkyfxm;aom
acgif;avmif;BuD;ukd awGY½dSjcif;tm;jzifh ]aAGomvD}acwf at’D 8 &mpktxd ]*kyÜw} tu©&mrsm; pmay
t&mü vTrf;rkd;xm;onfukd awGY&onf/
NrdKYjyteD;wpf0kdufü at’D 8 &mpkwGifwnf½SdcJhaom Ak’¨bk&m;BuD;\ ½kyfxk[k,lq&aom BuD;rm;
onfh ausmufwHk;BuD;wpfckukdvnf; awGU½dS&onf/ ]*kyÜw} tu©&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;onfh 4if;ausmufwHk;
BuD;ay:½dS ausmufpmukd ½SmazGawGY½dS&jcif;tm;jzifh [dE´Lrif;qufrsm; Ak’¨omoem jyefUyGm;wkd;wufvm
a&;ukd BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfyHkESifh [dE´Lrsm; tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’ookdY tajccsaexkdifvmcJhonfukd xif½Sm;pGm
awGY½dSEdkifonf/
tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o½Sd aiG’*Fg;rsm;? [dE´Lewf½kyfxkewfuGef;rsm;ESifh [dE´Lrif;rsm;vufxuf
a&;xkd;xm;cJhaom ausmufpmrsm;ukd awGY½dSjcif;tm;jzifh ]csefj’m}rif;quf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’owGif wnf½dS
cJhonfukd xif½Sm;pGmawGYEkdifonf/ [dE´Lbk&ifrsm;jzpfaom ]”r®csefj’m}? ]y&dwdcsefj’m}? ]”r®ADG a*sYcsefj’m}?
]eDwdcsefj’m}ESifh ADG&csefj’mrif;rsm;vufxuf ûyvkyfcJhaomaiG’*Fg;rsm;ukd &ckdifjynf tEHSYtjym;wGif awGY½Sd
Ekdifonf/ txufaz:jyyg [dE´Lrif;wkdY\ emrnfrsm;onf b*FgvD[dE´Lemrnfrsm;om jzpfonf/ EGm;okd;?
toGm;cRefoHk;ckygaom vSHwHESifh bk&m;pmxkd;yef;tkd;rsm;wGif awGY½Sd&aom pmaytm;vHk;onf ]em*&D}
uAsnf;tu©&mpmrsm;omjzpfonf/ aiG’*Fg;rsm;wGifawGY½dS&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;onf ]jA[®m} ,Of
aus;rIukd az:jyaeNyD;? ]r[m,me}rif;quf\ t&dyfvu©PmESifh wpfom;wnf;jzpfaMumif; awGY&onf/
AD 8 &mpktwGif; ]em*&D} vufa&;rljzifha&;om;cJhaom ]oHomu&pf} uAsnf;pmwef;rsm;pGmukd
]aAGomvD} NrdKYysufonfh ae&ma’orsm;wGif ,aeYwdkif awGY½dSEkdifonf/ NrdKYa[mif;NrdKYysuf\ ½Spfaomif;
bk&m;apwD t0if0wGifvnf; oHomu&pfbmomESifh a&;xkd;xm;aom uAsnf;pmwef;ukdawGYEkdifonf/
4if;uAsnf;pmwef;ukd bk&ifrif;bif (1531-53) uawGY½dScJhNyD;? ½Spfaomif;bk&m;wnfaqmufpOfu wnf
xm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf tvGeforkdif;0ifaom tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonf/ 4if;ausmufpmukd
]teE´csefj’m} rif;u a&;xkd;cJhojzifh ]teE´csefj’mausmufpm}[kac:onf/ ]teE´csefj’mrif;}onf ]tmeef
‘kd’g,}trnfjzifh rsm;jym;vSaom ]AdG[m&mpf}ESifh [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;ukd wnfaqmufcJhonf/
olonf ol\vufatmufi,fom; ckdif;aprsm;twGuf ajrae&mrsm;ukd csay;cJhonfhtjyif ]jA[®ef}rsm;
twGuf wl&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;jzifh aw;*Dwynm½Sifrsm;ukdyg pDrHaqmif½Gufay;cJhonf/ xkdrif;onf
BC 528 rS AD 720 txd tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oukd tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ]”r®&mZEkcs?Amrfp} [kac:qkdonfh
rif;quf toD;oD;wkdY\ emrnfpm&if; wpfckukdvnf; xkwfa0cJhonf/ AD 2 &mpkrwdkifrD tkyfcsKyfcJhaom
bk&ifrif;rsm;wdkY\ twÅKyÜwÅdrsm;ESifh &mZ0if pm&if;emrnfrsm;wkdYonf ‘@m&Dqefaomfjim;vnf; AD 2
&mpkaemufykdif; tkyfcsKyfvmcJhaom bk&ifrif;rsm;wkdY\ emrnfpm&if;rsm;ESifh twÅKyÜwÅdwkdYonfum;
xif½Sm;aom orkdif;0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;yif jzpfavonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tm&fuef(&ckdif)
a’oü awGY½dS&aom ouúwÅuAsnf;ausmufpmrsm;\ taxmuftxm;t& xkda’oonf ouúwÅbmom
okdYr[kwf ]r[m,me} Ak’¨bmomESifh ouúwÅ,Ofaus;rI vTrf;rkd;cJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 4if;xufykdrkdí
usKd;aMumif; qDavsmfaom aemuftcsufwpfcsufrSm tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oukd [dE´Lrif;rsm; tkyfcsKyfcJhpOfu
oGef;vkyfcJhaom aiG’*Fg;rsm;wGif [dE´Lbk&ifrif;wkdY\ emrnfwpfcsKdYjzpfaom ]”r®csefj’}? ]y&Dwdcsefj’}?
]eDwdcsefj’}? ]”r®ADGa*sUcsefj’} wdkY\emrnfrsm;ukd awGU½dS&aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/
þrif;qufrsm;\ bk&ifemrnfrsm;onf ]aAGomvD}acwf ]csefj’mrif;} wkdY\emrnfrsm;ESifh
tvGefw&m uJGjym;onf/ ]”r®&m*sElcsAmrfp} rif;qufukd tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o [dE´Lrif;quf\ orkdif;
taxmuftxm;tjzpf owfrSwf,lqMuonf/ ]teE´csefj’rif;}ukd ]wr®&y|e}bk&if tjzpfowfrSwf ,l
qonf/ ]wr®&y|e} tm;]teE´csefj’}rif;quf\ NrdKYemrnfwpfck tjzpf,lqNyD; &mZ0ifusrf; rsm;url
]aAGomvD} NrdKYomjzpfonf[k az:jyxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh þtaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;ukd oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh
bk&ifrif;quf2quf½dScJhonf[k jzpfEkdifzG,f½dSonf/
ouúwÅpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o\ bmoma&;? EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;&m
tjzmjzmwGif euf½dIif;pGm ae&m,lxm;rIrsm;ukd awGY½dS&jcif;tm;jzifh tdE´d,rif;qufrsm;ESifh ouúwÅu
Asnf;pmwef;rsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oukd wkduf½dkufvTrf;rkd; cs,fvS,fxm;cJhonfukd awGYEdkifonf/
xkdYtjyif w&m;½kH;a&;&m udpö0dpöESifh vlrIa&;&mtzJGYtpnf;rsm;? pmaytEkynmvuf&m ,Ofaus;rIrsm;wGif
tdE´d,[dE´L,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rkd;cJhonfukd awGY½dS&onf/ yrmtm;jzifhajym&vQif tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o
NrdKYemrnfrsm;jzpfaom ar,kukd ]rmvm,k}[k vnf;aumif;? ukvm;wefjrpfukd ]*csye’D}[kvnf;aumif;?
&mefukd]&E´me’D}[kvnf;aumif;? av;NrdKYjrpf ukd]od*Fe’D} okdYr[kwf ]tmef*se’D}[kvnf;aumif; ac:wGif
cJhonf/ t&yfa’oemrnfrsm;jzpfaom ]”nAwD} ]aAGomvD} ]rm*AwD} ]’Gg&AwD} ]&r®AwD} ]pD&d*kwÅ}
]pDv*D&d} ESifh ]&m*sybmw} wkdYonf a½S;a[mif;tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’otm; [dE´Lemrnfrsm;jzifh ac:wGif
cJhaom tdE´d,[dE´Lemrnfrsm;om jzpfonf/ ,ckacwfwGif þa½S;a[mif;emrnfrsm;tm; &ckdifrI okdYr[kwf
jrefrmrIûyNyD; toHaetoHxm; ajymif;um ac:wGifaeMuaomfvnf; a½S;a[mif;tarGtESpfukd xdef;odrf;
apvkdaomtm;jzifh ,ckacwforkdif;ynm½Sifrsm; acwfynmwwfrsm; txl;owdxm;um *kPf,lxdef;odrf;
apmifha½Smuf&rnfh bkd;bGm;bDbifwkdY\ a½S;a[mif;tarGtESpfyif jzpfavonf/
[dE´LewfuGef;rsm;ukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’oü [dE´L,Ofaus;rIrsm; MoZm t½Sdef
t0g BuD;rm;cJhonfukdawGU&onf/ ]aAGomvD} NrdKYysuftptersm;ukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;? [dE´L
bmom0ifrsm; ta&twGuft&vnf;aumif;? tiftm;t&vnf;aumif;? MoZmt½Sdeft0gtm;jzifhvnf;
aumif; tiftm;omcJhonf ukdawGY&onf/ tjcm;]AdcsEkd;}ESif h]pDA}wkdYESifhywfoufí xif½Sm;aomtaxmuf
txm;rsm;rSm ]pr©} (c½kcHG)? ]*g’} (Zm”dAÁdKvfoD;)? ]yr´} (Mumyef;)? [dE´Lbk&m;pmxkd;yef;tkd;rsm;? EGm;okd;ESifh
]x&pöwdv}ac:toGm;cRefoHk;ckygaomvHSwH ponfhtrSwftom;rsm;? xkdpOfu tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’o\
aiG’*Fg;rsm;wGif awGY½dSEkdifonf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)a’owGif txufygtrSwfwHqdyfrsm;ukd awGY½dSjcif;tm;
jzifh ]jA[®mef}omoemESifh Ak’¨bmomomoemwkdYonf wpfcsdefuzufNydKif xGef;um;cJhonfukd awGY&onf/
AD 788 rS AD 957 txdtkyfcsKyfcJhaom ]csefj’} rif;qufrsm;tm;vHk;onf ]jA[®mef}t,l0g’ukd
ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfNyD;? aiG’*Fg;ay:wGif xkxm;aom trSwftom;ESifh pmom;onf ]toGm;cRefoHk;ckygaom
vHSwHwHqdyfESifh ]em*&D} ta&;tom;jzpfonf/
b*Fvm;e,f\ ygvrif; (AD 750-1199)onf ]r[m,me}Ak’¨omoem xGef;um;&eftwGuf
EkdifiH&yfjcm;okdY omoemûytzJGUrsm; apvTwfcJhonf/ xkdomoemûyrsm;\ tultnDjzifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)
a’owGif [dE´L,Ofaus;rIESifh pmayrsm; xGef;um;apcJhonf/ b*Fvm;e,fukd tkyfcsKyfaom ygvrif;rsm;
ESifh ]aAGomvD}ukd tkyfcsKyfaom ]csefj’m}rif;rsm;onf acwfNydKifrif;rsm; jzpfMuNyD;? ]csefj’mrif;}\]aAGomvD}
a’oonf b*Fvm;e,fESifh xdpyfaeaom [dE´LtkyfcsKyfrI vufatmufwGif ½dSonfha’o jzpfonf/19
b*Fvm;e,frS]ygv} omoemûyrsm;onf ]csefj’m}rif;rsm; tkyfcsKyfaom ]aAGomvD}a’owGif bmomukd;
uG,frI topfwpfckukd ukd;uG,fap&ef pnf;½kH;EdkifcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’owGif e*kdu
yif½dSaeNyD;jzpfaom Ak’¨½kyfxkqifhyGm;awmftjyif ]jA[®m}½kyfxkawmfrsm;? ]AdcsEkd;} ESifh ]pDA} ½kyfxkawmfrsm;ukd
yg ]r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}wGif pifNydKifwnfaqmufcJhNyD;? pifNydKifukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd cGifhûyapcJhonf/ ]csefj’m
rif;}rsm;onf bk&m;ausmif;uefESifh ½kyfxkqifhyGm;awmfrsm; xkvkyf&mwGif tvGefuRrf;usifonf/
]aAGomvD} NrdKYysufae&mrsm;wGif xkd½kyfxkawmfrsm;ukd ,cktcsdefxd xif½Sm;pGm awGUEkdifonf/17 okdYjzpfí
]aAGomvD} acwfü ukd;uG,fcJhaom bmomomoem t,l0g’rsm;wkdYonf xkdpOfu b*Fvm;e,fwGif b*F
vm;e,fom;rsm; ukd;uG,fcJhaom bmomomoem t,l0g’rsm;ESifhxyfxlxyfrQ jzpfonf[k ,lq&yg
onf/ ]aAGomvD}onf b*Fvm;e,f\ ta½SUzuf[dE´Lrsm; pkd;rkd;&ma’ojzpfcJhNyD;? tm&fuef (&ckdif)a’o\
bk&ifrsm;ESifh xkda’ocHrsm;wkdYonf b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;omjzpfcJhNyD;? [dE´LESifh Ak’¨bmom t,l0g’rsm;ukd
ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ ][dem,me}Ak’¨t,l0g’u ]r[m,me}Ak’¨bmomudk vTrf;rdk;aysmufuG,fapjcif;onf
e*dk½SdESifhNyD; [dE´L0g’udk avQmhusysufjym;apcJhNyD;? Ak’¨t,l0g’udk vufcH&eftaMumif;jzpfvmcJhonf/
þonfyif a½S;a[mif;&cdkifjynf r[m,e0g’ udk;uG,fcJhaom ]aAGomvD} eef;qufudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom
]csefj’} rif;qufyifjzpfonf/
r[m,meAk’¨bmomt,l0g’ udk;uG,frIonf [dE´Lbmomt,l0g’ESifh wlnDoa,mif&Sdonf/
[dE´L0g’ odkUr[kwf jA[®t,l0g’udk ]aAGomvD} rif;qufusqHk;NyD;aemuf Armjynf\yk*HzufrS a&muf&Sd
vmaom jydKifzuf [dem,met,l0g’u 0g;rsdKcJhonf/
a&S;a[mif; tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’o\ bmomt,l0g’udk;uG,frIrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfcsuft&
r[m,meAk’¨t,l0g’onf ][dem,me} t,l0g’udk tcsdefMumjrifhpGm vTrf;rdk;aysmufuG,fapcJhonf/
wenf;ajym&vQif ppfrSefonfhAk’¨t,l0g’r½SdcJhyg/ odkUaomf taxmuftxm; rjynfhpHkrcdkifvHkaom &mZ0if
usrf;rsm;t& Ak’¨t,l0g’ wnf&SdcJhonf[kqdkaomfjim;vnf; cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm; r&SdcJhacs/22
tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’owGif awGU½Sd&aom bmoma&;qdkif&m taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh “gwfawmfarGawmf? ½kyft
avmif;rsm;? t½dk;pkrsm;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;rIrS t<uif;tusefrsm;udk ppfaq;awGU½Sdcsuft& a’ocHvlrsm;onf
[dE´L0g'(jA[®eft,l)ESifh Ak’¨t,l0g’ wdkUudka&maESmpGm usifhoHk;cJhonfudkawGU&onf/ [dE´LvlrsdK;wdkUonf
jrifhrm;aom,Ofaus;rIudk pdk;ydkifxm;NyD; tawG;tac:ydkif;ESifh pmaytEkynm? tkyfcsKyfa&;&mwdkUwGif
tvGefwdk;wufcJholrsm;jzpfonf/ odkU&mwGif[dE´LwdkU\ aeUpOfb0wGif wnf½SdcJhaom Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifh
[kac:onfh cGJjcm;qufqHrIonf [dE´L0g’ odkUr[kwf jA[®eft,l0g’ wnf&Sd&m ae&mwdkif;wGif awGUjrif
&onf/ [dE´LjzpfrnfqdkvQif Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifhwpfckckudk vufudkifxm;&rnfjzpfNyD;? ywfouf&m t,l
0g’udk vdkufemusifhoHk;&rnfjzpfonf/23
jA[®eft,l0g’udk Ak’¨bmomt,l0g’u wjznf;jznf; atmifEdkifvmcJhaomfvnf; &mpkESpf ajrmuf
jrm;pGmuyif usifhoHk;vmcJhaom jA[®eft,l0g’onf aysmufuG,froGm;cJhay/ odkU&mwGif AD11 &mpk
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,l0g’onf tdEd´,awmifydkif;a’o&Sd Ak’¨bmomausmif;awmfwdkU\ t,l0g’usifhoHk;rIpepfjzpfcJhonf/
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vQif AD axmif&mpktwGif; [dE´Lomoem odkYr[kwf jA[®meft,l0g’wdkYonf wjznf;jznf;csif; usqHk;
aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; Ak’¨bmomt,l0g’ topfwpfrsdK; pnfum;odkufNrdKufvmonfudk awGU&onf/
tpövmrfomoema&muf½Sdvmjcif;
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tma&AstEG,frsm;ESifh tdEd´,tEG,fwdkYjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fazmufum;&efvnf;
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rsm;\ bk&ifrif;rsm;tay: ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfrI? opöm½SdrI? &J&ifhajymifajrmufrIwdkUESifh olwdkU\ aeUpOfb0
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awmfjrwfESifh tpövmrfomoemawmf\ zGHUNzdK;pnfyifwdk;wufvmrIaMumifh tpövmrfomoemawmfonf
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udkjzwfívnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufcJhonf/ AD 7 &mpkwGif yifv,fa&aMumif;vrf; oGm;vm&mwGif tvGef
xl;cRefajymifajrmufcJhaom tm&AfESifhyg&Sefyifv,ful;oabFmESifh c&D;oGm;vmMuaomc&D;onfrsm;aMumifh
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pdwf½SnfoD;cHrIESifh oabmxm;aysmhajymif;rI? apwemxufoefrIwkdYaMumifh tm&AfukefonfwkdY\ tpövmrf
omoemûyvkyfief;rsm;ukd cGifhûycJhNyD;? taumiftxnf azmfEdkifatmifvnf; taxmuftul ay;cJhonf/
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tdrfaxmif\ om;jzpfaom ]rl[mrwf[medzf} Mum;avonf/ xkdUaemuf ][medzf}onf ],mZdwf} tay:
ppfaMunmum ppfwkdufckdufaomfvnf;? ½IH;edrfhcJh&í ol\aemufvkduftaygif;ygrsm;ESifh urÇmhta½SUzuf
a’ookdY xGufajy;wdrf;a½SmifcJhavonf/3A
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aus;½Gm} jzpfonf/
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pkdif;rsm; aexkdifcJhNyD;? tm&fumefa’ocH [dE´LvlrsKd;rsm;tay: rMumcPqkdovkdyif vk,ufysufpD;jcif;ru
ysufpD;jcif;ESifh vl&maygif; axmifaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmwkdYtm; owfjzwfcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf ][medzf}onf
a’ocHwkdU\ tm;ay;axmufcHrIukd&,lum vl½dkif;pkdif;wkdY\ bk&ifrjzpfaom ][,myl&D} tay: ppfyJG
qifEGJcJhNyD;? vl½kdif;pkdif;rsm;tay: atmifyJGqifEkdifcJhonf/ xkdYaemufwGif tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’oonf Nidrf;
csrf;om,mvmcJhNyD;? vlaerI tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vmcJhavonf/ ][medzf} onf ][,myl&dD}bk&ifrESifh
olr\taygif;ygwkdYukd tpövmrfomoemxJokdY pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;í olrESifhvuf xyfxdrf;jrm;cJhavonf/
tpövmrfomoemûyvkyfief;vnf; t½Sdefwkd;`rSifhvmNyD;? ,cktcsdeftxd xif½Sm;aeqJjzpfaom ][medzmh}
ESifh ][,myl&D} ]wefudpf} (|gecsKyf) (armif;awme,fwGif½dSonf/) wGif omoemxGef;um; jyefYyGm;&ef
BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonf/ ][medzf}ESifh vkdufygvmcJhaom taygif;tygrsm;onf a’ocH[dE´Lrsm;ESifh awm
wGif;ae vl½dkif;pkdif;rsm;udk tpövmrfh”avhxHk;pHt& xdrf;jrm;cJhNyD;? ]½dk[if*sm} rGwfpvifvlrsKd;pkwpfpktjzpf
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omoemawmfukd tpOfa&mif0gxGef;apcJhum? 4if;|mecsKyfESpfckonf ,cktcsdeftxd tm&fumef (&ckdif)
rGwfpvifrsm;\ ESvHk;om;wGif pJGNrJvQuf½dSayonf/
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vifwkdYonf tcsdefMumjrifhpGm 4if;atmifyJG\tESpfom&udk rcHpm;cJh&acs/ tcsif;csif; pm;usufvkrItay:
tajccHí pnf;vHk;nDnTwfrI NydKuGJume*dkuyif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;aom b*Fvm;e,frS[dE´L a&TUajymif;vm
olwdkYomvQif tm;omcJhNyD;? tm&fumef (&cdkif)a’oudkjyefvnfpdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkif&ef tcGifhomcJhonf/
tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkYonf yifudk,fp½dkuft& ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,frIudk cHkrifolrsm;jzpfNyD;? pD;yGm;a&;
vrf;aMumif;udk tpOfpl;prf;&SmazGoljzpf&um;? ukefonfrsm;ESifhomoemjyKolrsm;onf a’owpfckrS
tjcm;a’owpfckodkU c&D;tESHUaygufolrsm;jzpfonf/ AD 7 &mpkESifh 16 &mpkMum;? tm&fumef(&cdkif)ESifh
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onf/ aiGaMu;tójympepf ray:aygufao;ojzifh ukefypönf;tcsif;csif; zvS,fjcif;pepf&SdcJh&m tm&yf
vlrsdK;wdkUonf ¤if;wdkYa’orS xGufukefypönf;ESifh tm&fumef(&cdkif) ESifhArmjynfa’orS ukefypönf;rsm;udk
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tBudKufjzpfcJhonf/ ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& tm&yfukefonfwdkUonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’o wpf
ckvkH;ESifh ArmjynfwdkUüyg ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&m r[mrdwfudk zGJUpnf;xlaxmifEdkifcJhNyD;? a’o
wpfckvHk;vnf; pD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufcJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/7
tm&yfwdkYonf yifv,fjyifc&D;oGm;vmrIü tvGefuRrf;usifolrsm; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm urÇmU
ta&SUjcrf;ESifh taemufzsm;a’otxdyg ae&mtESHUtjym;odkY yifv,fjyifc&D; aygufa&mufcJholrsm;jzpf
onf/ tm&yfwdkUonf AD 7 &mpkESifh 16 &mpk twGif;tdEd´,? tm&fumef(&cdkif) ESifhArmjynfwdkUodkU a&muf
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vnf; xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhonfhtjyif MoZmwefcdk;vnf; BuD;rm;cJhonf/ odkU&mwGif xdkpOfu jrefrmEdkifiHonf
tm&yfwdkU\tjrifü tm&fumef(&cdkif)a’oESifh atmufjrefrmEdkifiHwdkUonfomvQif jrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf od&Sd
cJhMuonf/
tm&yfyx0Dynm&Sifrsm; omoemjyKolrsm;ESifhordkif;t”dywdwdkYjzpfaom ]tDAifuk&f’g;ofZfbm;}
(AD 844-848)? qlvdkifref(AD 851) ESifh]tDAifzmuD} (AD 902) wdkYonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’oESifh
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v,fatmfurf;½dk;wef;wpf0dkuf ukeful;oef;cJhaom tma&Asyifv,fc&D;onfwdkUonf tm&fumef(&cdkif)?
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ae&mudkvnf;aumif;? yJcl;a’o½Sd ]&mrn} a’oudkvnf;aumif;? &nfnTef;ajymqdkonf[kod&onf/11
AD 9 &mpktwGif;tm&yfESifh yg&SefwdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGufukefjzpfaom0g? 0g*Grf;? tarT;trQif
&Snfaom wdAufEGm;wpfrsdK;\tNrD;rsm;? uwÅDyg? opf 0w¬Kypönf;rsm; &Sm;apmif;vÇufyif? ajymif;zl;?
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azmufum;cJhonf/ AD 9 &mpkwGif tm&AfwkdYonf tpövmrfomoemukd tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’ookdY o,f
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Muonf/ okdY&mwGif tm&AfwkdYonf omoemjyefYyGm;&mwGif yifv,furf;½dk;wef;a’oomru 4if;wkdY\
oabFmrsm;onf ewfjrpf? r,ljrpf? ukvm;wefjrpfESifh av;NrdKYjrpfwkdYokdYyg 0ifa&mufoGm;vmcJhojzifh? oGm;
av&mwGif tpövmrfomoemukd jyefYyGm;atmif vkyfaqmifcJholrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ xkdpOfu tm&fumef(&ckdif)
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urf;NrdKYrsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhonf/ azmfjy&vQif ]]u&drfcgvD}}? ]]rledzfcgvD}}? ]]rlqm uRef;}}? ]]qm’g yg&m}}?
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NrdKYonf tvGefyifxif½Sm;aom ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; NrdKYBuD;wpfNrdKYjzpfNyD;? ESpfpOfaxmifaomif;aygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGmaomoabFmrsm; 0ifxGufavh½dScJhonf/14
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olrsm; jzpfonf/ AD 7 ESifh AD 16 &mpktwGif; yifv,fa&aMumif;ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIonf yg½SefESifh
tm&AfvlrsKd;wkdYtwGuf r[mtcGifhta&; wpfckyifjzpfcJhonf/ AD 7, 8, 9 &mpkwkdYonf urÇmhta½SUzsm;
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wGifrlum; tm&Afyifv,fjyif ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIonf tm;NydKifBuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ tm&AfwkdYwpfvSnfh
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ta½SUzsm;EkdifiHwkdYokdYyg c&D;vSnfhvnfMuolrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ yg½SefvlrsKd;wkdYonf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fc&D;
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xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHjcm;rS rGwfpvifukefonfrsm;onf tm&fumef(&cdkif)a’o½dS bk&ifrsm;ESifh wpfpHkwpf&m
xdyfwkduf &ifqkdif&efrvkdtyfyJ? ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fazmufum;aeEdkifcJhonf/
&mpkESpfwpfck ausmfvGefNyD;aomtcg tm&fumef(&cdkif)a’ookdY ]r[mcsefj’rif;} (AD 788-810)
vufxuf ukefonfoabFmrsm;ysufí xif½Sm;ausmfMum;aom yifv,fqdyfurf;NrdKYjzpfaom ]&rf;jADuRef;}
ac: ]&rf;NAJuRef;}okdY rGwfpviftkyfpkwpfpk tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’ookdYa&muf½dScJhonf/ xkdrGwfpvifrsm;onf
r[mar’if25a rGwfpvifoabFmom;rsm;tjzpf xif½Sm;NyD;? tm&Af okdYr[kwf ]rdk;&fpf} vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf/
aemifwGif xkdvlrsKd;rsm;tm; oifhawmfaom tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’owGif ykdYcHcJh&NyD;? ywf0ef;usifaus;½Gm
rsm;wGif tajccsaexkdifapcJhonf/27 ]&rf;NAD} [laoma0g[m&onf ]tm&Aduf} rl&if;t”dyÜg,f ]&m[efNAD}
[laompum;&yfjzpfonfh ]]Nidrf;csrf;om,moem;Muifemwwfaome,fajr}} rSqif;oufvmonf/28
rif;tpdk;&onfvnf; ¤if;wdkUtay: t&m&mwGiftm;ay;axmufcHMunfndKav;pm;cJhonf/ ¤if;wdkUonf
pD;yGm;ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,f&mwGif tvGefuRrf;usifonf/ ¤if;wdkUonf wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkU avSi,f
ao;ao;av;rsm;jzifh vG,fulpGm oGm;vmEdkifcJhonf/ oabFmysuf tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkUonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)
jynfudk ajrMoZm tvGefaumif;rGefí v,f,mpdkufysdK;xGef,uf&ef txl;aumif;rGefaMumif;od&SdcJhonf/
xdkUaMumifh tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkUonf rdrd|maeodkYjyefroGm;cJhyJ? þtm&fuef(&cdkif)a’owGif twnfwustdk;
tdrfxlaxmifum? ueOD; vkyfvufpjzpfaom yifv,fjyiful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGefUvTwfí
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKum aexdkifcJhonf/
rGwfpviftajccsaexdkifolrsm;onf tpövmrfomoemodkU 0ifa&mufvmaom a’ocHtrsdK;orD;
rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xdrf;jrm;vufxyfcJhonf/ e*dkuyif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;apvdkaom a’ocHbk&ifrsm;onf
tajccsaexdkifolrsm;\ xdrf;jrm;vufxyfrIrsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyKcJhonf/ tcsdefMumjrifhpGmuyif
usifhoHk;vmcJhaom tm&fuef(&cdkif) “avhxHk;pHt&vnf; tcsdefMumMum aexdkifvdkonfh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
udk trsdK;orD;tdrfaxmifzufrsm;csD;jr§ifhavh&Sd&m oabFmysuftm&yfrGwfpvifrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fazmufum;olrsm;? vGwfvyfpGm xdrf;jrm;vufxufjcif;ûycJhonf/ odkU&mwGif bk&ifrif;onf EdkifiH
jcm;om; |maejyefvdkaomtcgwGifrl a’ocHtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh xdrf;jrm;vufxyfí &½SdcJhaom om;orD;
ZeD;r,m;rsm;tm; ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cGifhrûycJhay/30 xdkUaMumifh tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkUonf ¤if;wdkYudk;uG,faom
tpövmrfomoemûyvkyfief;rsm;twGuf omoeduqdkif&m taqmufttHkrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;ûycJh
onf/ ¤if;wdkUrSwpfqifh arG;zGm;vmaom om;orD;ajr;jrpfwdkUonfvnf; a’ocHvlaerIb0ESifh wom;
wnf;jzpfum trdajrudkpGefUcGmoGm;&ef rnfonfhtcgrQ rawG;cJhay/
tpövmrfomoem\ wpfqlwnf;aombk&m; tv’m([f)toQifjrwfudk udk;uG,fonfh tawG;
tac:ay:rSm pGJNrJpGm wnfrSDaeonfhtwGufaMumifh tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’owGif tpövmrfomoemûyolwdkU\
pGrf;yum; wefcdk;BuD;rm;cJhonf/ tm&fuef(&cdkif)a’owGif [dE´LZmwfedrfh Zmwfjrifh ]]umpf}}pepf ½Sdae&m
¤if;onf vlaerIb0udk twm;tqD;taESmuft,SufjzpfapaMumif; od½Sdvmojzifh tpövmrfomoemodkU
rsm;pGmaoma’ocHrsm; wjznf;jznf;zufajymif;vmcJhonf/ tpövmrfomoemu omwlnDrQ½Sda&;ESifh om
oem0iftcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIwdkU[laom tjcif;t&mESpfcktay: aeUpOfb0 wnfrSDaeaomaMumifh
uRefESifhocif? omwlnDrQ½Sda&;ESifh tmPmpuftwGufyg wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;½SdaMumif; od½Sdvmap
&ef rD;armif;xdk;vmcJhonf/ pGrf;&nf½Sdoavmuf atmifjrifrI&½SdEdkif&ef tpövmrfu tcGifhta&;ay;xm;
onf/ þtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh xdkpOfu a’ocHvlaerIb0twGif;ü [dE´Lrif;rsm;vufxuf pGJjrJpGmwnf
½SdcJhaom ZmwfedrfhZmwfjrifh ]umpf}pepf yaysmufoGm;atmif aoa&;½Sifa&;wrQ touf0ifvmcJhonf/
tm&AfESifh yg½Seftajccsaexkdifolrsm;onf b*FgvD[dE´Lrsm;ESifh tdE´d,[dE´Lrsm;ukd tpövmrfomo
emûyrSwpfqifh omoemxJokdY 0ifa&mufapcJhonf/ xkdYaemufwGif tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’orSm e*dk½dSESifhNyD;
aocHvlrsKd;jzpfaom b*FgvD[dE´L? tdE´d,[dE´LwkdYrS zufajymif;vmaom tpövmrfukd;uG,folrsm;ESifh yif
v,f&yfjcm;rS tajccsaexkdifvmaom yg½SefESifh tm&AfvlrsKd;rsm;wkdY aygif;pnf;um twdkif;twm wpfck
txd tcsdefumvMumjrifhvmonfESifhtrQ ½kd[if*smvlrsKd; tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;tjzpf ay:aygufvm
cJhonf/ þrGwfpvifrsm;onf bmomomoemudk pJGNrJpGm ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfí rdrdwkdY\ trnfemrESifh
vlaerI ,Ofaus;rI”avhxHk;pHESifh ukd;uG,f&mESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&mtrsm;tjym;wGif tpövmrfh
0daoorsm;ukd tNrJvufcHusifhoHk;xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufvmcJhonf/ aemufykdif;wGif tpövmrfukd udk;uG,f
ol þvlrsKd;rsm;onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’o tESHUjzpfaom v,f,mvkyfukdif pm;aomuf&ef ajrMoZm
aumif;rGefonfha’ojzpfaom av;NrdKYukef;jrifh? ukvm;wefukef;jrifh? r,lukef;jrifh? ukvm;yef;ZHukef;jrifh
ESifh ewfjrpfwpfavQmuf a’otjyif ]athuftmhzf} ac: ]tmusmhzf}? ]&rfNrD} ac: ]&rf;NAJ}? ]ausmufjzL}?
]ausmufeDarmf} ESifh ]oHwGJ} a’orsm;wGif ysHYESHUpGmaexkdifcJhonf/ ]athuftmhzf} ac: ]tmusmhzf}? qkdonfrSm
yg½Sefpum;jzpfNyD;? ]athuf}qkdonfrSm ]wpf}jzpfNyD;? ]tmhzf}rSm ]uRef;} jzpfonf/ aygif;vdkufvQif ]uRef;
wpfck} [kt”dyÜg,f&onf/
]]½kd[if*sm}} qkdaom pum;&yfonf orkdif;t axmuftxm;t& ]&[fr}qkdaom tm&Afpum;&yfrS
wkduf½kduf qif;oufvmaom pum;&yfjzpfonf/33 ]&[fr} [laompum;onfum; ]Muifemjcif;}[k t”d
yÜg,f&onf/ tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ]&[fr}[laom pum;&yfukd xyfqifhbmomjyefqkdxm;onf
rSmum; a½S;a½S; ]tm&fumef(&ckdif) emrnfukd ]½dkcsef;} [k ac:wGifcJhaMumif;od&onf/ tcsdefumvMum
jrifhvmonfESifhtrQ ]½dkcsef;} ukd ]½kd[mef;}[kvnf;aumif;? aemifwGif ]½dk[if*sm} [kac:wGifvmcJhonf/
]½kd[if*sm}qkdaompum;onf tHkzG ay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwfyJ? orkdif;pOftqufqufu tm&fumef(&ckdif)
a’o\ orkdif;uay;aom tarGcHtarGquf emrnfwpfckomjzpfonf/ tjcm;orkdif;usrf;rsm;wGif ]½kd0ef;}
]½kdtef;*f} [kvnf;aumif;? ]½kdbif*g}[kvnf;aumif;? tm&fumef(&cdkif)a’otm; acwfa[mif; rGwfpvif
pmqkdawmfrsm;? uAsmq&mrsm;ESifh orkdif;okawoDwkdYu trsKd;rsKd;ac:a0:oHk;pJGcJhaMumif; ordkif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;pGmwGifawGY½dS&ygonf/ ]½kd[if*sm}vlrsKd;wkdYonf ]tif’D*sdemhpfa&hpf}ac: tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’o\
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwpfpk jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olwkdY\ ukd,fykdif0daoovu©Pmrsm;jzpfaom ,Ofaus;
rI? emrnfESifh bmompum;? pmay? xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;? Oya’a&;&m toHk;tEIef;rsm;ESifh ]aemfrefu
vufcsm}ac: ukd,fykdifoHk;a0g[m&ay;yHk enf;pepfwkdYtm;vHk;ukd rdrdwkdY\ 0daoovu©Pmrsm;jzifh pkd;ykdif
xm;aom vlrsKd;pkwpfckjzpfonf/ ½dk[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;
enf;wl ukd,fykdifbmomomoem ,Ofaus;rI pmaya&;&m “avhxHk;pHrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufvm
cJhaom vlrsKd;pkwpfpkjzpfonf/ ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’owGif txufwGif az:jyxm;
ouJhokdU yg½SefvlrsKd;rsm;? tma&AsvlrsKd;rsm;tjyif b*Fvm;e,frS a½TUajymif;vmaom [dE´Lrsm;ESifh tdE´d,
e,frS [dE´Lrsm;tjyif a’ocH[dE´Lrsm;? [dE´LtrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; EkdifiHjcm;trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh xdrf;jrm;ap
jcif;rS arG;zGm;vmaom pkaygif;jzpfay:vmonfh vlrsKd;pkwpfpkjzpfonf/ xkdvlrsKd;wdkYonf tpOfxm0&
tpövmrfomoemukd ukd;uG,fvmcJhonf/
tykdif; (3)
rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh &ckdiftEG,f
]]AD 957 wGif ]rGef*dkvD;,ef;} tkyfpkwpfpkonf aAGomvDNrdKYü wnfxm;cJhaom
]csefj’mrif;quf}ukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufNyD;? rGef*dkvD;,ef;rif;qufrsm;tm; eef;wifcJhaMumif; ppfrSefaom
&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;t& od&onf/}}1 (M. aumvpf)
9 Budrfajrmuf ]aAGomvD} rif;qufjzpfaom ]csKdvwkdifcsefj’m} (AD 951-57) pkd;rdk;aepOfumv
twGif;ol\tajrmftjrifenf;yg;í tusifhpm&dwÅysufjym;aom taygif;yga>ct&Hrsm;aMumifh rif;tkyfcsKyf
rIpepf ñHhzsif;cJhavonf/ NrdKtkyfpk (rGef*dkvD;,ef;) &ckdifjynf\ acgif;aqmif ]trsmol} (AD 957- 64)
onf ]aAGomvD} NrdKYudk csif;eif;0ifa&mufcJhNyD;? eef;awmfukd odrf;ykdufum ]csKdvwdkifcsefj’} \ bk&ifr
]csE´ma’0D} ukd vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhonf/2 þudpöESifhywfoufí yk*Hrif;quf\ ]ysL}bk&if ]anmifOD;apm
&[ef;} (AD 931-64)onf tvGefa’gojzpfí BuD;rm;pGmaom ppftiftm;jzifh tm&fumef(&ckdif) jynfokdY
csif;eif;0ifa&mufcJhonf/ ]trsmol} \wlawmfarmifjzpfaom ]&JjzL}onf xkdppftiftm;ukd NzdKcGif;EkdifcJhum
yk*Hrif;ukd tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfrS armif;xkwfEkdifcJhonf/ atmifjrifjcif; txdrf;trSwftaejzifh ]trsmol}
onf txdrf;trSwfwHqdyfawmfBuD; wpfckukd ûyvkyfcJhonf/ 4if;txdrf;trSwfonf ]aAGomvD} NrdKYteD;
aus;½Gmwpf0kdufwGif wnf½SdcJhonf/ ]trsmol}aoqHk;NyD;aemuf wlawmfarmif ]&JjzL} (AD 964-76)onf
bk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ AD 976 wGif ½Srf;bk&ifwpfyg;onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfukd ppfatmifEdkifcJhNyD;? 18
ESpfwkdifwdkif odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfEkdifcJhonf/ wkdif;jynfukdNzdKcGJysufpD;um AD 994 wGif qkwfcGmcJhavonf/9
xkdtcsdefwGif NrdKbk&if ]&JjzL}onf ]aAGomvD}NrdKUukd pGefYcGgí ½dk;acsmif;jrpfukef;jrifha’ookdY ol\taygif;
ygrsm;ESifhwuG jidrf;csrf;pGm aexkdifcJhavonf/ ½kd;acsmif;ukef;jrifha’oonf taemufzuf rkdif 30 avmuf
uGma0;NyD; oydwfawmif (AD 976-994) ukd NrdKYawmftjzpfwnfaqmufum ywf0ef;usif{&d,m e,f
ajra’oukd 18 ESpfwkdifwkdif tay:,Htm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/
yk*Hrif; ppf½IH;NyD;aemuf AD 994 wGif ouf (qmhuf) wkdY\ tBuD;tuJ ]iydefiwHk;}onf eef;wuf
vmcJhNyD;? ]aAGomvD}NrdKYukd av;NrdKYjrpfteD; qmrfy0kd(wf)NrdKUukd (AD 994-1018) wnfaqmufcJhonf/
]iydefiwHk;}onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’oukd 25 ESpfwkdifwkdif tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ aemifwGif ]csKdvwkdifcsefj’}
\om; ]uDwodef;} onf ]iydefiwHk;}ukd ppfatmifEkdifNyD;? eef;awmfukd ]yOö} jrdKYokdYa½TUajymif;cJhonf/5
þenf;tm;jzifh ]aAGomvD} rif;qufonf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhNyD;? ]rGef*kdvD;,ef;}rif;qufukd xlaxmif
cJhavonf/
rGef*dkvD;,ef;rsm;onf ta½SUawmifb*Fvm;a’o½Sd ]ADum&rfyl&f}\ ]csefj’m}rif;qufukd tqHk;
owfapcJhonf/ [dE´Lrsm; ESpftenf;i,f tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&ef tcGifhomcJhaomfvnf;? aemifwGif Armjynf
twGif;ykdif;a’orS pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;jcif;cH&aom jynfolrsm;ESifh rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm; tpkvkduftûyH
vkduf 0ifa&mufvmcJhaomaMumifh xkdvlrsKd;rsm;tiftm;aumif;cJhonf/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkdYonf ,cifuxuf
vltiftm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrI,EÅ&m;tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]aAGomvD}rif;quf\ [dE´Lrif;
rsm;tkyfcsKyfrIpepf wjznf;jznf;,kd,Gif;vmcJhavonf/ acwftqufqufu bkd;bGm;bDbifwkdY\ rif;
qufukd qHk;½HI;vufvTwfcJh&avonf/
rGef*kdvD;,ef;tEG,frsm;onf a’ocH[dE´LtEG,frsm;ESifh pdwfxif&m vGwfvyfpGm xdrf;jrm;vuf
xyfcJhNyD; rGef*dkvD;,ef;ESifh [dE´LvlrsKd;qufaoG;a&maeaom &ckdifvlrsKd;pktEG,fwpfcktjzpf arG;zGm;ay:
aygufvmcJhavonf/ okdUjzpfí ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf yrmtm;jzifhajym&vQif trsKd;
tpm;wlnDaom ½THUajrwpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh ûyvkyfxm;aom ajrtkd;rsm;ESifh twlwlyifjzpfonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqkdaomf &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf [dE´LESifh rGef*dkvD;,ef;vlrsKd;wkdY aygif;pyfí aoG;aESmarG;zGm;vmaom
aMumifhyifjzpfonf/ &ckdifordkif;qkdonfrSmvnf; xkdpOfuyifpwifvmcJhNyD;? AD 1784 txd tckdiftrm
wnfwHhcJhavonf/ AD 1784 wGif bkd;awmfbk&m;(AD 1782-1819) onf &ckdifjynfudk aygif;pnf;rI
&,lcJhonf/7 rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkdYonf rGef*dkvD;,ef;rif;quf xlaxmifcJhonfhtcsdefrSpí tm&fumef(&ckdif)
ukd tdE´d,ESifh b*Fvm;a’orS cJGxGufjzwfawmufapí tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf pmay
,Ofaus;rI rzHGUNzdK;ao;aom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’oukd odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfaom
umvtwGif; tm&fumef(&ckdif)a’oukd tarSmifxk zHk;vTrf;apcJhonf/ okdU&mwGif wpfjznf;jznf;csif; pm
ayynm ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;vmNyD;? tv,facwfNrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIpepfukd awGU½dScJh&onf/ rGef*dkvD;,ef;
vlrsKd;wkdYonf ta½SUarQmfaom vlrsKd;jzpfí NrdKYawmfukd ]aAGomvD}NrdKYrS ta½SUawmifbuf 15 rkdifa0;aom
av;NrdKYjrpfbuf okdYa½TYajymif;wnfaqmufum jrefrmjynfra’otESHUtjym;ESifh r[mrdwfzJGYum ul;vl;
qufqHrI½dScJhavonf/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkdYonf a’owpfckwnf;rSmyif ukd,fhxD; ukd,fheef; ukd,fhMuiSmef;jzifh
xD;eef;quf 5quf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;ESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;pyfMum; wnf½dSaeaom vlrsKd;qufpyfrIukd wif
jy&vQif ½kd[if*smwkdYonf rGwfpvif? [dE´LESifh rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpfí &ckdif
vlrsKd;wkdYonf [dE´LESifh rGef*dkvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;rS qif;oufvmcJhonf/ Ak’¨bmomt,l0g’onf tm&f
umef(&ckdif)a’owGif a½S;ya0oPDuyif jzpfxGef;cJhí tpövmrfomoemonfAD 7 &mpkwGif ay:xGef;
vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf AD 10 &mpkwGif jzpfay:wnf½dScJhí ½kd[if*smwkdYonf &mpku
wnf;uyif pwifí jzpfay:wnf½dScJhavonf/
jrwfckdif (½Gufopf)
2. W.S Desai usrf;ukd;pm&if;
1. R.C Majumdar, Hindu Colonies in the Far East, P. 202,189, 9,11, 12,13, 202, 203, 204, 205
, A Pageant of Burmese History PP.2 &3
3. Phayre, History of Burma, P.43, 45, 269-270, 293-295
4. H.G Raulinson, A Concisc History of the Indian People, P.15
5. Anil Chandra Banerji, The Eastern Frontier of British India P. 1784, 1826, 231
6. Arthur Phayre, Coins of Arakan, of Pegu and of Burma, P.2, 3, 4,13
7. U San Tha Aung, The Buddhist Arts of Ancient Arakan, P.2,
8. U Aung Tha Oo, A Short History of Arakan, P.2
9. G.E Harvy, History of Burma, P.10, 137
10. M.K Rahman, Burma Muslims, RUMSA, Annual No. 1952-53
11. Chittagong District Gazetteer, P. 23
12. Keyamat Nama, Chittagong Gazetteer, P. 60,61
13. Syed Shah Alawal, Padavati, P.21,22
14. T.R Chaudhury, Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir, P. 147-150
15. U San Shwe Bu, A Brief note on the old capitals of Arakan, P. 3, 135
16. The 50th Anniversary Publication No.2 of BRSJ, P.486-488
17. D.G.E Hall, Burma, P.57
18. Maurice Collis, Indo Hidden Burma, P.124, 134, 137
19. U San Tha Aung, Anadachandra, P. 25, 179
20. Nai Pan Hla, History of Arakan and Sanskrit Inscription, the Guard ian Magazine, Vol;21 No.8, August, 1974,
P.16
21. M.A Qasim, Muslim Rule in India, P.12
22. Edmilnd Davision Soper, The Religions of Mankind, P.103-104
23. Moshe Yagar, Between Integration and secession, P.4
24. U Ba Tha, Muslims in Arakan, Islamic Review, April, 1966, P.25
25. Donal N.Wilber, Pakistan, its people, its society its culture, P.12,13
26. M.A Ghaffar, Memorandum presented to the Regional Autonomy Enquiry Commission dated 24th May, 1949
27. M. Sidig Khan, Muslim Intercourse with Burma, Islamic culture, Vol;X, No. 3 July, 1936, P.16
28. Pamela Gutman, Ancient Arakan, P. 44-45
29. Shumawa Magazine, Vol; 25, No.289, June, 1971, P. 126-131
30. R.B. Smart, Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol; (A), P. 19, 20, 86
31. H.R. Spearman, British Burma Gazetteer, Vol; II, P. 7
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